Building housing in the Dakhla Oasis
(Hanafy Abdel Wahab)
The traditional architecture in the oases, and one of the most important elements of cultural institutions, and perhaps in the forefront of what you study ecology, cultural, which means the extent of compatibility - and compromise - between human needs, and data natural environment, which is the most what is in the traditional architecture in general, and in the oases, in particular, to its characteristic features and geographical conditions in the very privacy and exclusivity, perhaps - or certainly that was the direct cause of the oases, which gives the first sign of excellence in the eyes of visitors at first sight
Urban Cluster
And dealing with mass urban that the landscape of Mamour Oasis as a whole, including an architecture of housing, streets, lanes, squares and buildings, service and architecture work) stores, crops and fodder, and places of shelter animals, and garden walls (and architecture Atviadep) mosques, domes of mausoleums, graves,,, (
Consistent blocks in the urban oasis in the generally observed that it built over the hills and wide, and return to the reasons for this phenomenon is - essentially - a defense, including:
1 - Defense against attacks by nomads repeated on the population of slabs of T to robbery, was the most important reasons for the establishment of the cluster construction on a high plateau, in addition to surround the block walls damaged, and the provisions of entry and exit through a janitor T for not more than three, with special specifications that allow only the entry afford an animal, including, without rider, the gates closed at night and opens at dawn
2 - Just as the villages of the Nile Valley is based on a high hill to avoid flooding overwhelming rush, the oasis was also leaves the risk of groundwater, which was much Mataatdvq self without human intervention the excavation, prompting residents to build their homes over the plateau, especially since the severity of the building is brick
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- The streets
Characterized by the streets and corridors Oasis upset for no longer than two meters on the display, and sometimes less, often semi-circular Matkon forks of the most narrow alleyways and streets converge on the ends of the gates leading to one of the Oasis
And spread at the oasis within the phenomenon of porches, which is a roof for part of the street, sometimes surmounted by part of the house, and sometimes not, surmounted by a building, called this part - in the oases of Dakhla name (Penthouse) and are normally shed by the family owns two housing units opposite on both sides of the street, and therefore called as the attic of the family, a definition of the geographic location of the oasis.
And Penthouse have more than one job:
= Help shed to cool the hot summer air currents through the streets of Oasis
= Establishment of marriage ceremonies and concerts associated with Samer
= Increase the area of the part that houses the addition above the porch
= Used by the elderly in the siesta on Massadobaa built on the sides
= Attached to the sides of cylindrical pottery (called addition) filled with water as a way of passing
= Energy in the walls which is a non-window openings are used in the development of HID lighting kerosene to light the porch at night, also placed by the so-called (SE) is used in the treatment of magic as one of the prevailing beliefs in the Dakhla Oasis
= Add space to the street area on the second floor of the house located above the Porch
= Of the most popular uses of the shed - as before - there was the phenomenon Comment (Qguads) children in the celebration of Ashura (a celebration which will be mentioned in detail in the separate customs and traditions.
As are the streets and corridors Oasis Baltarj and sharp slopes, which often began to overcome the work of scores of rocky ups and downs, because the plateau established by Oasis uneven
And - mediate urban cluster around three areas are relatively small, usually located at the confluence of several streets, and often result in these fields to the gates of The Oasis,
And these fields are located stores, grain mills and the mosque and places of public services
It notes worth up is that there are dimension class in the distribution of families on an area of the plateau, in Mott, minors and tiles, we find that the top layer unique to the northern side of the oasis such as the families of the mayor and the elders, while the sons of the lower class of peasants, they congregate in the southern sector of the plateau, whereas Kalamoon in the ruling class was occupies the center of the plateau, while the rest of the population of peasants living on the outskirts of the plateau,
And explain some of the upper class apartment in the center of town Qalamoun that this class they belong to the Turks, Ghaz, and some expatriates, who fear the housing on the outskirts of the oasis, and subjected to attacks by Bedouin raids and permanent.
In most cases, all a big family gathering in a specific region, containing a set of adjacent homes, dubbed the beating, and was beaten in the past the gate, controls the entry and exit closes after sunset and opens with a prayer at dawn the next day
Accommodation
The housing traditional oases on the predefined amount of space for each family according to the ownership of the legacy, and therefore the number of floors in some cases up to five floors, and in case of the extended family, and with the growing population of each family is always the solution is the vertical expansion, because the area of the plateau does not allowHorizontal expansion
The beginning of the majority of the population to set up a bench along the wall and interface the house, used in seating comfort, and the elderly who Atqoy health on (Aserouh) for Gheit on a daily basis, is also used on occasions of weddings that are held for the nights Samer before the house of joy, and also in cases of solace.
The doors of houses are made of acacia wood, trees spread in the Dakhla Oasis, and the wooden door inside the Dabba industry with the idea of distinct and unique to Oasis of the other oases, and close the door from the outside through (Almihaj), which is the task of the bolt, but it of acacia wood
There are some doors for the homes of the upper layer topped by a panel installed on the door lintel, written in the name of the owner of the house, and the date of construction, and the name of the building, in the inscription carved on wood, acacia, and spread this kind of doors in the villages of tile, minors and Qalamun (a village which was the headquarters of to the rule of the oases in ancient times, respectively) and different expansion slot outside the door according to the level of economic and social development of the family
- Conference Hall
Often result in the outer door to the first hall, called the (campus house), which are normally open space measuring not more than the 3 × 5 m and with no (elasticity), the local name for Rahaya, as well as (Port may rice) and fallow is a collection of Bora in the sense hole, a depth of about 25 cm and a width of 30 cm and a length of 40 cm, and the fallow always adjacent to the wall of the room, she was sitting women containing Burah both her legs over the open in the direction of the wall, and women are used in the ring the rice flint, which is refined manually, The stone is usually a length of 30 cm and display 20 cm and the thickness of 70-10 cm and weighs about 25 kg about 20, and Hall has about 5-8 Port for this purpose are all used in cases of season rice harvest, or a wedding, driving a rice collective when you ladies sing on the rhythm of tapping the stone, where women are which is leading the process followed by percussion and then the rest of the ladies, and so on, chanting (Hypo, Hine) aloud, and songs are songs of elasticity of employment for women in the Dakhla Oasis
In this hall is also taking equipment such as farmer daily Mqatef Gheit and scythes mowing and swab (alpha o metaphase). Often be outside the door of the Mndharp guests who will enter it and windows overlooking the hall open, and the basic function of Mndharp is receiving guests and holding meetings and banquet events in addition to overnight guests coming from outside the Oasis
In the village of New Dakhla Almndharp be shared outside the home to the guests of the large family. Neighboring homes and to receive guests are ordinary, while the reception of guests of the stakeholders in the corridor on the second floor
- Hall of Almzair
.... And the room we find the open door of the house interior is lead to (Hall Almzair) and the so called because they contain the loaded wood on which you place 2-4 Aziar placed underneath a large pottery (Alsjian), plural (Saja) We believe that the name could be traced back to ( Irrigation) and receive Alsjian water drops of the output of nominated Almzair highest, and water Alsjian (the candidate) are filled Kull pottery are placed mostly on the (Grazp) in the sense bra wooden installed outside a window the second round in the buffer air to cooling. and Vygarip palace called the name of the shed Almzair to this room
It is known that Almzair Hall is the place to be at least in the temperature for the rest of the rooms in the home and thus are normally an important source of cold stream (freshness) and passed to the rest of the housing.
The Hall Almzair first distribution point, with which the door inner Mndharp which is used to enter the household to it and the introduction of food for the guests, usually Almndharp largest room area where a total area of 4 × 6 M ago, and cover the land solely with longitudinal and sofas wood known, used pallet to address food amid Almndharp.
The doors of the hall be lower chambers and stores yield (wheat and rice) and Vygarip Alqbartaleg to yield the name of the winning store, also includes the ground floor as well as a room or two rooms to sleep in the winter
The hall will also find the door (Sharia), which is leading to an open area large behind the house, which included part of the oven municipal and kitchen (Canon of brick and clay) and in the opposite side is (Msills) broiler, a place of poultry and rabbits (in the village of Tnidp This is called region Almlqp) and there are some farmers who raise cattle in Msatih Gheit adjacent to the sites Alabarualty always fall away from the residential area of the oasis, it is to keep a cow give birth to the newly Almsills back of the house is a component of (law) so as to milking the cow, morning and evening every day , to grow up and out and dry the milk goes back to those with Msills Gheit.
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- Peace
The last dividend Hall Almzair is peace leading to the second floor, but before his arrival and in the middle of quite there (Basta peace) is a place to change course and direction of peace to the right or left according to the site the second round, and Basta peace, we find the door (a bathroom) in the sense the toilet and give rise for build a closed-aperture top to eliminate the need for, underneath a large pool has a slot on a street closed with bricks and mud and only open when you fill the tub withuntreated and ash left over from oven baking and kitchen, and evacuated to use organic fertilizer for the agricultural land, and then re-close the hole again.
On Basta peace and in the wall there is a hole is a window, up about 40 cm and a width of 30 cm used in the development (LED-propelled grenades), which works Bafattil soaked in kerosene, and function lighting for peace ups and downs, where the landings in the intersection of peace. This is called the slot (energy)
- Council
While continuing to climb the ladder to reach the second floor, which is more privacy for the residents of the house, we find the room directly above the so-called (the Council), which is - almost - an area of the lower chamber, a distribution point second round. (In the village of the palace called the name of a shed on the Council)
The Council is the place of living for family members to eat and a place for gathering the women's events and then on to (the gallery), which uses serves as a sleeping head of the family, and is the gallery - just - over Almndharp is the only place overlooking Bnuazh on the street, and sometimes there will be a single window to the Council which is which knock in Haitha outside Grazp Kull, overlooking the Council the doors of rooms remaining sons and their wives and children (in the case of the extended family) and are normally rooms children an area of not more than 2 × 3 m and have their openings, a view of the (law) behind the house and have no windows on the street.
- The surface
And the Council to implement the peace the surface (in the case of housing medium which consists of two floors only) and the surface in the housing oasis Dakhla - what else from the rest of other Egyptian oases - is half as important as housing that did not Izz!!
And the surface is the total area of the top of the building, multiple uses, which can limit some of which are
- Drying rice crop on Aprac of wicker and exposed to the sun before the bash (bleach)
- Tencir-Balah in the sun before it is put in a large pottery to be (Ajwa) is called the process (squeeze-Balah)
- Laundry
- Sleep in summer nights for each family member to limit and above the fur sheep slaughtered Kodhyat seasonal.
- The establishment of twin-born with eternal night of the wedding ceremonies in the marriage
- In the corners of ground surface slots window in the roof of the rooms in the Council for ventilation of these rooms and the entry of a little sunlight to it, and these openings in the form of triangles with a side length of the slot one about 50 cm, and intersect in each slot Asatan Khcpetan beams that are fixed roof in order to protect children from Fall, where the surface is always the preferred place for the exercise of children home to the collective games, called the one-hole (Alro Shana)
Limiting the surface of all aspects of guardrail 150-170 cm, has slots longitudinal contiguous, allowing to see the street without seeing the inside surface, and are these openings as a decoration Crown House, giving the image of aesthetic remarkable, and it was these fences in the past - when the sons of the lower class - are held from palm fronds, which was called (Alzerb) This is no longer Alzerb currently exists only for the gardens only
In the village of the palace includes one housing unit over the surface, they have (Alstahp sunken) which is among the second floor and third, a sleeping child in the summer, it is home to the upper surface a large room called the gallery of the surface and used to sleep guests (this gallery is called in the village of Qalamoun Flyer, and have a bed head family)
Building a village palace
At a distance of 35 km in the direction north-west of the city of Mut (the capital of Dakhla Oasis) lies the village of the palace, which includes a historic city known as the (Islamic palace) is a unique city in the architecture, is located on a hill, a cluster integrated urban whole in the only remaining oasis in general,
Constructed Mbanihamn brick, internal roads in the circular, so it was said that the planning district (Garden City) in Cairo has been quoted by, surrounded by a fence surrounds the entire city, its gates of acacia wood, each gate three bolts to the provisions of closure, where roads covered in the most , and by sectors of the cottage, exceeding meters Blasagv the purpose of lighting and ventilation.
Involving minors Islamic - in addition to housing - a school and mosque dates back to the pattern of Ayyubid architecture, and the Court, and mill the grain, and olive presses, and show the shapes and architecture of the houses on it were not for residential general, to differ from the rest of the old villages Bamartha traditional.
And housing in this city is characterized by excessive breadth in the area of the rooms, the majority of the houses of three storeys, it is striking that these houses and not including on the surfaces is usually within a general population of the oases.
Of architectural styles unique in this city are the method Mlaagaf the air, where they are building the north wall (Maritime) for the abode of the walls adjacent to Aevsal them only about 20 cm and the wall outside large windows decorated Ptqatat wooden (Arabesque) enters from the air Faistdm wall of procedure, which passes the air slots through the bottom of each room inside, a technique unique to this region without the other in the oases.
Above the threshold of the gates of houses, wooden, engraved with the name of the owner of the house and the name of the building and its history.
As for the history of this city built attributable to between 637-646 AH (1240-1249 AD) in the era of Saleh Ayoub bin full.
The palace was the seat of the provincial governor oases and Gerga, has been selected to be (Command Center Advanced) in the direction of the West, a trend of Western Sahara, which was always a threat for the coming invasions of the direction of Libya.
To begin to set up the city's senior aide to the governor and they most probably were the descendants of the Mamluks, they set up farms and gardens large and distinct - famous for the palace to now - and it is serviced by the peasants of the children of Oasis live in a village away from the palace by almost three kilometers called (Azab Palace ) remained important throughout the palace on the stage of being the seat of government, even took over the village of Qalamoun governance, including in the era of the Turks. However, the architecture of the palace Us Archive still struggling despite the passage of time, about eight centuries to build (brick)
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